Each E-mail or Signal address consists of two strings: a domain name and a local part.
Usually, an address looks like xxxx@yyyyy, where yyyyy is
the domain name (the unique name of the recipient mail system) and xxxx
is the local part, i.e. a user name or an account name in that system.
- Addresses can be more complicated, for example, an E-mail address
can include some path information:
- <@zzzz:xxxx@yyyyy> or zzzz!yyyyy!xxxx or xxxx%yyyyy@zzzz
These addresses specify that an E-mail message or a Signal should be sent to the system zzzz
first, and then that system should deliver it to xxxx@yyyyy (to the account
xxxx on the system yyyyy).
When the Router parses an address, it extracts the name of the system
the message should be delivered to. It becomes the domain name part of
the address. The rest of the address is placed into the local part, i.e.
the local part defines the recipient when the message or the signal is delivered to the
system specified with the domain name. In the examples above, the domain
name part is zzzz, while the local part is xxxx@yyyyy.
See the RFC822 and related documents for details on E-mail address formats.
If a local part contains
a complex address (i.e. the local part itself contains domain name(s) and a local part),
the local part is presented using the '%' notation: local%domain1%domain2, so the full
address in the CommuniGate Pro canonical form would be local%domain1%domain2@domain.
When the domain name is extracted from an address, the Router compares
it against the domain name of the Server (set in the General
settings). If they match, the domain name is set to an empty string. When
the domain part becomes an empty string, the Router restarts processing
with the local part, trying to divide it into the domain and local parts
again.
For example, if the Main Domain name of your Server is company.com, then the
following addresses will be converted as shown:
| Address | local part | domain part |
|---|
| support@company.com |
support |
company.com |
| -- routed --> |
support |
|
| |
| <@company.com:sales@example.com> |
sales@example.com |
company.com |
| -- routed --> |
sales@example.com |
|
| -- routed --> |
sales |
example.com |
Your Server can support many independent Domains in addition
to the Main Server Domain.
In order to process Messages and Signals directed to your Server Domains, you
should ensure that the Messages sent to that domain are directed to your Server with the
global DNS system.
Example 1: your server (example.com) serves the example.com Domain and
a partners-example.com Domain. Make sure that DNS MX records are created for
both Domains, and that those records point to your example.com Server.
Example 2: your server (example.com) acts as an "Remote POP" mail host
relay for some client systems. Each client
has its own domain name (client1.com, client2.com, and client3.com), and
you have configured your Router to ensure that all E-mails sent to the
client1.com domain will be routed to the Unified Domain-Wide Account client1, etc.
You should also ensure that when an E-mail is sent to the client1.com domain,
that E-mail is routed to your server (example.com). The client1.com MX record should
be created in the DNS system and that record should point to your Server (example.com).
When an address is parsed and its domain part is extracted,
the Router checks the routing records in the Routing Table.
Use the WebAdmin Interface to manage the Routing Table. Open the Router page in the Settings realm:
Each line in the Routing Table is a routing record. A routing
record contains optional prefixes, a left part, the equals (=) symbol and a right
part. The semicolon (;) symbol can be used to place a comment after
the right part of a routing record. A comment line can be added to the
Table by inserting a line starting with the semicolon symbol.
The Router takes a parsed address (i.e. the domain and local
parts of the address) and uses the Table, scanning its records from top
to bottom. If an applicable record is found, it is applied as described
below and the modified address is processed with the Router again.
- Log Level
- Use this setting to specify what kind of information
the CommuniGate Pro Router should put in the System Log. Usually you should
use the Failures (address routing failures) level. But when you experience
problems with the Router, you may want to set the Log setting to Low-Level
or All Info: in this case more low-level information about the
Router activity will be recorded in the System Log as well. The Router
component records in the System Log are marked with the ROUTER
tag.
A Routing record can contain a Relay-mode prefix: Relay: (can be shorten to R:),
NoRelay: (can be shorten to N:), or RelayAll:.
See the Protection section for the details.
If none of these prefixes is specified, the NoRelay: prefix is assumed.
A Routing record can contain zero, one, or several of the following operation-type prefixes:
- Mail: (can be shorten to M:). Records with this prefix take effect
when an address is routed for some E-mail delivery operation.
- Access: (can be shorten to A:). Records with this prefix take effect
when an address is routed for some account access operation.
- Signal: (can be shorten to S:). Records with this prefix take effect
when an address is routed for some Signal operation.
These prefixes should be specified after an optional Relay-mode prefix. If none of these prefixes
is specified, the Routing record is applied to addresses used in all operations.
The left part of a Routing record contains a Sample: a string with an optional wildcard.
The following wildcards are supported:
- *
- this wildcard matches zero or more symbols.
- Example:
-
sta*r
This sample matches any staXXXXXXr string where XXXXXX is any substring (including an empty
substring inside the star string).
- (size type)
- type is the substring type:
- d - decimal digits (0 .. 9)
- h - hexadecimal digits (0 .. 9, A .. F, a .. f)
- L - alpha-numeric symbols (0 .. 9, A .. Z, a .. z)
- * - any symbols
size is an optional substring length. It can be specified in the following forms:
- nnn (where nnn a decimal number): a matched substring should have nnn symbols.
- nnn+ : a matched substring should have nnn or more symbols.
- nnn-mmm (where mmm a decimal number, mmm >= nnn):
a matched substring should have between nnn and mmm symbols.
- Example:
-
sta(3*)r
This sample matches any staXXXr string where XXX are any 3 symbols.
- Example:
-
sta(4+d)r
This sample matches any staDDDDDr string where DDDDD are 4 or more decimal digits.
- Example:
-
sta(3-5h)r
This sample matches any staHHHr string where HHH are 3,4, or 5 hexadecimal digits.
The backslash (\) symbol is used as an escape symbol: \\ is processed
as a single backslash symbol, \* is processed as an asterisk symbol, etc.
Only one wildcard symbol is allowed in a sample.
The right part of a Routing record contains a Route: a string with an optional * wildcard.
When the Record Sample matches an address, the address is changed to the Record Route.
The substring matching the Sample wildcard substitutes the Route wildcard.
The backslash (\) symbol is used as an escape symbol: \\ is processed
as a single backslash symbol, \* is processed as an asterisk symbol, etc.
Only one wildcard symbol is allowed in a Route.
If the left part of a Routing record contains a domain name, the record specifies domain-level routing.
When some address is being processed and the domain name matches a domain name specified in such a record, the domain part is substituted with the
right part of the routing record.
- Example:
-
hq.company.com = twisted.company.com
All addresses with the hq.company.com domain part are changed to have
the twisted.company.com domain part. The Router restarts, trying to route
the modified address.
A routing path can specify relays.
- Example:
-
hq.company.com = hq.company.com@relay.company.com
All E-mails and Signals directed to the domain name hq.company.com will be redirected
to the system (domain) relay.company.com, and then, from that system, to the domain
hq.company.com.
If E-mails and Signals to several domains should be routed in the same or similar way,
you may use the asterisk (*) symbol as the wildcard symbol.
- Example:
-
*.old_company.com = new_company.com
In this case addresses in all the domains ending with .old_company.com
will be changed to have the new_company.com domain part, with the local parts (user
names) unchanged.
Very often this type of routing is used to process all subdomains of the some domain.
- Example:
-
*.mycompany.com = mycompany.com
If the mycompany.com is the Server's Main Domain name, then this routing
record makes the Server process E-mails and Signals sent to all subdomains of its
Main Domain as E-mail and Signals sent to the Main domain,
the address user@mail.mycompany.com will be processed as the user@mycompany.com address.
- Example:
-
*.old_company.com = *.new_company.com
When such a routing line is entered and an E-mail or a Signal comes in for the domain
host5.old_company.com, it is routed to host5.new_company.com.
- Example:
-
system-*.mycompany.com = uu*.local
This routing line will redirect system-abc.mycompany.com to uuabc.local .
Besides domain-level routing records, routing for domains can be specified
using account-level records (see below).
Records for Unified Domain-Wide Accounts are domain-level routing records, too.
If the left part of a routing record contains an address in the
angle brackets (< and >), the record is
an Account-level record - a routing rule for a specific address.
When an address is parsed and the Router scans the Table records,
it compares the address domain part with the domain part of all Account-Level routing records.
If the domain parts match, the Router compares the local part of the address with the
local part of the account-level record address. If both domain and local parts match,
the right part of the account-level routing record is used as the new address.
The Router restarts, parsing and processing this new address.
Note: Because the Server Main Domain Name in the parsed address is
immediately replaced with an empty string, account-level records that should apply to
addresses in the Main Domain should not contain any domain part at all.
In the all examples below mycompany.com is the Server Main Domain name.
- Example:
-
<sales> = bill
in this case, all messages to sales@mycompany.com will go to bill, as if
they were sent to bill@mycompany.com.
Note: if there is an account-level record for the local name xxxx,
there is no need to actually create a real xxxx Account on
the Server. Additionally, that Account would be useless, since no
message or signal will ever reach that Account: everything directed to the
xxxx name will be routed elsewhere.
The right side of an account-level record can be any address.
- Example:
-
<sales> = Bill@thatcompany.com
All messages directed to sales@mycompany.com will be directed to Bill@thatcompany.com.
The Router takes the new address, extracts the domain name (thatcompany.com)
and local (Bill) parts, then the Router restarts trying to find a route to thatcompany.com.
You can use the wildcard symbol (*) in the local part of account-level records.
The same symbol can be used in any part of the right-side address to specify substring
substitution.
- Example:
-
<dept-*> = postmaster@*-dept.mycompany.com
This record will redirect all E-mails and Signals sent to dept-sales@mycompany.com
to the user postmaster at the sales-dept.mycompany.com department server.
You can use Router account-level records to reroute E-mails and Signals sent to some of the your Server
Secondary Domains. In the following example, the client.com is a local Secondary Domain.
- Example:
-
<sales@client.com> = Bill@client.com
All messages directed to sales@client.com will be directed to Bill@client.com.
- Example:
-
<sales@client.com> = Bill
All messages directed to sales@client.com will be directed to Bill@mycompany.com (i.e.
to the address Bill in the Main Domain).
In most cases you do not have to use account-level Router Records: if you need
to provide an alternative name some Account, use
Account Aliases instead. If you need to re-route all
E-mails and Signals sent to some name in a local Server Domain to some other address, use
Forwarders instead.
You may need to create an alias for a specific account
on a foreign system. For example, if all E-mail sent to some domain should be
routed to a specific mail host or to a unified account, but certain accounts
in that domain should be routed to accounts on your or other systems.
- Example:
-
Mail:<sales@client1.com> = sales-client1
Mail:client1.com = new.client1.com
These records route all E-mails directed to the account sales at the
domain client1.com to the Account sales-client1 in your Server Main Domain, while messages
to all other accounts in the client1.com domain are routed to the new.client1.com system.
The wildcard symbol (*) can be used only in the local part
of the full account name (i.e. it can be used before the @ symbol).
You can use the wildcard feature to host several domains in one CommuniGate Pro Domain
creating a unique "address space" for each domain name.
- Example:
-
<*@client5.com> = cl5-*
<*@client7.com> = cl7-*
E-mails and Signals sent to sales@client5.com address will be directed to
the cl5-sales Account in the Main Domain,
E-mails and Signals sent to info@client5.com address will be
directed to the cl5-info Account in the Main Domain,
while E-mails and Signals sent to sales@client7.com address
will be directed to the in the cl7-sales Account in the Main Domain.
This method can be used when you do not want to create full-scale CommuniGate Pro
Domains for many domains containing very few Accounts.
Account-level records can use wildcard symbol (*) as the domain part. This
records are applied to the addresses that contain any local Domain (i.e. a Domain created on
this CommuniGate Pro Server or Cluster). The right-side address of such record specifies an
address in the same local Domain.
- Example:
-
<abuse@*> = postmaster
This record reroutes an abuse@domainX.dom address into postmaster@domainX.dom for all
domainX.dom Domains created in your CommuniGate Pro system.
If the right-side address contains a domain part, the address is routed to that domain.
- Example:
-
<abuse@*> = postmaster@somedomain.com
This record reroutes abuse@domainX.dom addresses into the postmaster%somedomain.com@domainX.dom addresses for all
domainX.dom Domains created in your CommuniGate Pro system. Then the postmaster%somedomain.com@domainX.dom
addresses are rerouted to the postmaster@somedomain.com address.
The local part of the left-side address can contain a wildcard (as in regular account-level
records). The string matching this wildcard symbol can be used in the right-side address.
- Example:
-
<+*@*> = 011*
This record reroutes the +490088899@domainX.dom address into the 011490088899@domainX.dom address
for all domainX.dom Domains created in your CommuniGate Pro system.
If an address is routed to one of the local Domains (including an empty domain part which is routed to the Main Domain),
the local part is checked against the following special values:
- null
- this address is directed to a fictitious internal "Black hole" module.
When an E-mail message is routed to the "Black hole", the address is marked as "delivered" immediately, without any additional processing.
When a Signal request is routed to the "Black hole", request is considered "delivered" immediately, generating the 200 "OK" response,
unless it is an INVITE, UPDATE, or OPTIONS request: in these cases, the 480 "No Address Found" response is generated.
- Example:
-
<*@bad.company.com> = null
<junk> = null
With these records in the Routing Table, the Server will discard all
E-mails and Signals sent to the domain bad.company.com, as well as all E-mails and Signals sent to the Main Domain address junk.
- MAILER-DAEMON, Calendar-Alarm
- these special addresses are processed in the same way as the null address.
- error
-
E-Mails and Signals sent to this address are rejected without processing, generating an error report/response.
If the domain name part of an address is error, or if the domain name
part is empty, and the local name part is error, the address is rejected
without processing, generating an error report/response.
- Example:
-
bad.company.com = error
<junk> = error
With these records entered, the Server will reject all E-mail messages and Signals sent to
the bad.company.com domain or to the Main Domain address junk.
- blacklisted
- E-mails sent to this address are rejected without processing, generating the "Blacklisted Address" error report.
See the SMTP module description for the details.
- spamtrap
- E-mails and Signals sent to this address are rejected without processing, but the SMTP module processes them in a special manner.
See the Protection section for the details.
- incomplete
- Signals sent to this address are rejected with the "Address Incomplete" error code. It can be used to support some SIP clients
that send call (INVITE) requests as soon as the user dials a digit.
- Example:
-
<(1-4d)@*> = incomplete
With these Router record present, dialing a 1-,2-, or 3-digit number will return the "Address Incomplete" error code to the client,
forcing it to wait for additional input from the user.
- listserver
- E-mails sent to this address are sent to the LIST module.
- all
- E-mails sent to this address are sent to all Domain Accounts. See the Domains section for the details.
- alldomains
- E-mails sent to this address are sent to all Accounts in all Domains. See the Domains section for the details.
If an address is routed to the domain name null, then it is processed in the same way as
the addresses routed to the local part null in a local domain (see above).
If an address is routed to the domain name error, then it is processed in the same way as
the addresses routed to the local part error in a local domain (see above).
If an address is routed to the domain name blacklisted, then it is processed in the same way as
the addresses routed to the local part blacklisted in a local domain (see above).
If the domain name part ends with the symbols .here or ._here, this suffix is removed,
and the remaining part of the domain name is used as the name of a local CommuniGate Pro Domain.
This suffix allows you to avoid routing loops in certain situations.
- Example:
-
dept1.xyz.com = dept1.xyz.com._here
dept2.xyz.com = dept2.xyz.com._here
*.xyz.com = *.abc.com
E-Mails and Signals sent to all subdomains of the xyz.com domain are rerouted to the subdomains
of the abc.com domain, except for the addresses in the dept1.xyz.com and dept2.xyz.com subdomains,
which are routed to the local dept1.xyz.com and dept2.xyz.com CommuniGate Pro Domains.
After all Routing Table records are applied, the Router checks if the domain name part ends with the ._via suffix.
If the suffix is found, it is removed, the shorten domain name is used as the target host name, and the local part of the address is used as the address to pass to that host.
- Example:
-
The Server Main Domain name is company.com.
E-Mails and Signals sent to the sales.company.com Domain should be relayed to a separate sales.company.com server,
while addresses in all other subdomains of the company.com domain should be processed as addresses in the Main Domain,
i.e. user@subdomain.company.com addresses should be processed as user@company.com addresses.
You can implement these routing rules using the following records:
sales.company.com = sales.company.com._via ; explicitly relay to a remote host
*.company.com = company.com ; all other subdomains are rerouted
Note: addresses in the sales.company.com domain will be relayed with the domain part removed,
i.e. the address <user@sales.company.com> will be relayed to sales.company.com host as <user>.
This may cause troubles if the sales.company.com server does not accept addresses without domains. See the next example for a possible solution.
- Example:
-
E-Mails and Signals sent to the client1.com, client2.com, and client3.com domains should be sent to the host.com server.
You can implement this routing using the following records:
client1.com = client1.com@host.com._via
client2.com = client2.com@host.com._via
client3.com = client3.com@host.com._via
or, in a more flexible way:
client1.com = client1.com@relay
client2.com = client2.com@relay
client3.com = client3.com@relay
relay = host.com._via
Note: You can specify just host.com instead of host.com._via here (given there is no other router record for host.com),
but in this case mail to user@client1.com will be sent to the host.com as user%client1.com@host.com.
By specifying the ._via suffix you not only tell the Router to route the address to a relaying module, but you also force that module to send only the local part of the address to the remote server.
| Address Processing without the ._via suffix |
|---|
| user @ client1.host | Router converts to | user%client1.host @ relay |
| user%client1.host @ relay | Router converts to | user%client1.host @ host.com |
| user%client1.host @ host.com | Router stops | no rule for host.com |
| user%client1.host @ host.com | Router accepts | for SIP/SMTP host.com host
as user%client1.host@host.com |
| |
| Address Processing with the ._via suffix |
|---|
| user @ client1.host | Router converts to | user%client1.host @ relay |
| user%client1.host @ relay | Router converts to | user%client1.host @ host.com._via |
| user%client1.host @ host.com._via | Router accepts | for host.com
as user@client1.host |
If the domain part of the address contains the ._via suffix, the module checks the last domain name part after removing this suffix.
If that part is a number, the dot (.) symbol separating this part is changed to the colon (:) symbol:
host.domain.dom.26._via --> host.domain.dom:26
When the domain name contains a colon symbol, the SIP, XMPP, and SMTP modules:
- Do not use DNS MX/SRV records for that name, and retrieve the DNS A-records only.
- Use the number after the colon symbol as the number of the TCP/UDP port to connect to,
instead of using the standard port number (25 for SMTP, 5060 for SIP).
The Router also checks if the domain part of the address ends with the ._relay suffix.
This suffix is removed and the resulting domain name is used as the target host name (after changing the optional port number separator to the colon symbol).
This domain name (after removal of the optional port number and its separator) is added to the local name, using the @ symbol as the separator.
- Example:
-
The Server Main Domain is company.com.
E-mails and Signals for the xxxx.department.company.com domains (where xxxx can be sales, marketing, etc.)
should be sent to separate servers, according to their DNS records, while addresses in all other
subdomains of company.com should be processed as addresses in the Main Domain, i.e.
user@subdomain.company.com addresses should be processed as user@company.com addresses.
You can implement this routing using the following records:
*.sales.company.com = *.sales.company.com._relay ; explicitly relay outside
*.company.com = company.com ; all other subdomains are rerouted
The Router also checks if the domain part of the address ends with the ._dir suffix.
This suffix is processed the same way as the _via suffix. In addition the server tries to retrieve the record from the Directory via the dn built from the original address and the destination domain in the form mail=user@domain, cn=host.com.
If the record can be retrieved (this may require setting up a Remote Directory Unit for the cn=host.com search base) the result of address routing is accepted, otherwise the routing error is generated.
When the suffix ._dis is used, the search behavior is changed: the mail=user@domain part is used as the search filter and the search base is cn=host.com.
If the attempt to retrieve the record results in some connection-level error, the routing result is a temporary error, so, for example, SMTP senders would retry deliveries to this address.
Many Signals (especially phone calls) should be handled with the "stock" or
custom Real-Time Applications. To Route a Signal to an Application
you need to specify the Application name and, separated with the hash (#) symbol,
the name of the Account that will be used to run the application:
- The following record routes Signals sent to the someName@someDomain address
to the application myProgram started on behalf of the user@domain Account:
- <someName@someDomain> = myProgram#user@domain
You can specify the application parameters by adding them after the application name, enclosed into the
{ and } brackets and separated with the comma (,) symbol.
- The following record routes Signals sent to the someName@someDomain address
to the application myProgram started on behalf of the user@domain Account. The program
is started with 2 parameters - "mixer" and "fast":
- <someName@someDomain> = myProgram{mixer,fast}#user@domain
The wildcards in the right part of a Router record are substituted before any processing
begins, so you can use the wildcard value as the application parameter.
- The following record routes Signals sent to the +(20d)@someDomain addresses
to the application myProgram started on behalf of the user@domain Account. The program
is started with a parameter. The parameter is the catenation of the string num= and the wildcard
value - the phone number without the leading + symbol:
- <+(20d)@someDomain> = myProgram{num=*}#user@domain
If the domain part of an address is telnum, the address local part is
processed as a E.164 phone number.
The following steps are taken by the Router before it applies its Routing
Table(s) and other routing methods:
- The Router checks if the phone number is assigned to any Account in any
CommuniGate Pro Domain. If such an account is found, the Signal is redirected to
that Account. See the Accounts section for more
details on Assigned Phone Number.
- The Router applies the ENUM Routing method, using all
Telephony ENUM DNS domains specified. In a Dynamic Cluster
environment, the Server-wide ENUM domains are checked first, then the Cluster-wide
ENUM domains are used.
If the phone number is not rerouted by any of the above methods, the Router processes
it as a regular address.
To add a ENUM domain, enter its name into the empty field, and click the Update button.
To remove a ENUM domain, remove its name from the field and click the Update button.
Domains are used in the specified order.
See the PSTN section to learn more about PSTN and telephone number routing.
After all Routing Table records are applied, the Router checks if the domain name
is actually an IP address. If the IP-address domain name is not enclosed into the square brackets, the Router
encloses it: user@10.34.45.67 is converted into user@[10.34.45.67].
This allows you to specify Routing Table records for IP addresses assuming that the address
is always enclosed into square brackets.
For IP addresses enclosed in square brackets, the Router checks if the IP address is
assigned to one of this Server Domains. If a Domain is found, the
IP address is substituted with that Domain name. If the IP address is the IP address of
the Server Main Domain, an empty string is placed into the domain name part, and the
Router makes the next iteration after parsing the local name part of the address.
If an IP address is not assigned to a local Domain, the Router processes the
[10.34.45.67] domain name as the 10.34.45.67.default_port._via name:
the Router sends the address to the SIP or SMTP module, cutting off the domain part and using it as the host name
to relay to.
If no Routing Table record can be applied to an address, and the address is not a
special address or an IP address of a local domain, the Router calls each communication
module requesting a routing operation.
Each module looks at the address passed and can:
- ignore the address if the module does not know how to handle it;
- modify the address (for example, the LIST module converts addresses listname-admin@listdomain
into the real address of the mailing list owner);
- reject the address (for example, the Local Delivery module rejects username@domainname addresses
if the domain name is a name of a local domain, and there is no username Account or Alias in that domain);
- accept the address.
If a module has modified an address, the Router makes a new iteration, repeating
all steps for the new, modified address.
If the Router is called from the Message Enqueuer component,
and a module has accepted the address, the message is enqueued to this module for delivery.
If the Router is called from the Signal component,
and a module has accepted the address, the Signal Request is sent to this module for processing.
Each module is called twice.
First, the Router calls each module asking to process "explicit" addresses. On this call the modules process only the addresses that are
definitely directed to that module: the SMTP module processes addresses with the domain
part ending with ._smtp, the LIST module processes the addresses of the existing mailing lists, etc.
If all modules have ignored an address, the Router calls each module again, asking for a "final" attempt.
On that stage, the Local Delivery module processes all addresses directed to local Domains,
the SIP module accepts all signal-type addresses,
the SMTP module processes all addresses with domain names that have at least one dot, etc.
This two-step method allows several modules to correctly process addresses
without relying to a particular module call order. If each module would process an address in one
step, listname@domainname addresses (that look like Local account addresses),
would be rejected with the Local Delivery module if it is called before the LIST module,
user@accountName.local addresses would be taken with the SMTP module instead of the
Local Delivery module, etc.
See the module descriptions for the details.
After all Routing Table records are applied, the Router checks if the domain name
is the external string. In this case, the domain part is cut off,
and the local part is passed to the External Authenticator
program.
The external program can use any method to process the supplied address, and it should
return a modified address or an error code.
If a modified address is returned, the Router makes the next iteration with this new address.
- Example:
-
Signals to addresses starting with 011 in any local Domain should be routed using an external
Helper program.
You can implement this routing using the following record:
NoRelay:Signal:<011*@*> = tele-*@external ; route using an external program
If a Signal is sent to 0115556666@local.domain.dom, where local.domain.dom is a local Domain,
the address will be rerouted to tele-5556666@external and
the External Helper will receive a request to route the tele-5556666 address.
The Router supports DNS-based routing for telephone numbers. This method is
usually applied to E.164 numbers - telephone numbers starting with the plus symbol followed
with the country code, area code, and the local number.
If the domain name has the ._enum suffix, then the Router:
- follows RFC2916 and issues the DNS NAPTR request for the number in the
address local part, using the domain name (without the ._enum suffix) as the search suffix.
- processes all result records of the E2U+SIP type for Signal-type addresses,
or the E2U+EMAIL for other addresses.
- if the found mapping string starts with the sip:, sips:, mailto: prefix, removes the prefix.
The Router restarts, processing the found mapping string as the new destination address.
If the DNS search returns the "unknown host name" error, the ._enum domain name
suffix is replaced with the ._noenum suffix, and the Router restarts to process the
modified address.
- Example:
-
Router records:
<+(7-15d)@*> = +*@telnum ; direct +number to e164 "telnum" domain
telnum = e164.arpa._enum ; direct +number to e164.arpa
e164.arpa._noenum = pstn
<+44*@pstn> = gatewaycaller{+44*}#pbx
pstn = main.office.dom
A sample address +74992713154@some.local.domain.dom will be processed using the following steps:
- The first Router record converts this address to +74992713154@telnum
- The second Router record converts this address to +74992713154@e164.arpa._enum
- The Router looks for a DNS NAPTR record 4.5.1.3.1.7.2.9.9.4.7.e164.arpa
- The resulting record sip:pbx@communigatepro.ru is found, the sip: prefix
is removed, and the Router restarts to process the pbx@communigatepro.ru address
A sample address +74992713152@some.local.domain.dom will be processed using the following steps:
- The first Router record converts this address to +74992713152@telnum
- The second Router record converts this address to +74992713152@e164.arpa._enum
- The Router looks for a DNS NAPTR record 2.5.1.3.1.7.2.9.9.4.7.e164.arpa
- There is no NAPTR record for this domain name, so the address is converted to
+74992713152@e164.arpa._noenum and the Router restarts to process this address
- The third Router record converts the address into +74992713152@pstn and the Router restarts to process this address
- The fourth Router record directs all calls to the +44 country code to the local gatewaycaller PBX application,
but this record does not match the +74992713152@pstn address
- The fifth Router record redirects this address to +74992713152@main.office.dom so the
Signal is relayed to the main.office.dom server.
When a tel:phoneNumber URI is being parsed, it is converted into
sip:phoneNumber@tel URI internally. The fictitious tel domain
is usually routed to the telnum domain (see above) to provide unified handling of
all phone numbers.
When composing a URI from an internal form, any sip:phoneNumber@tel URI is
composed as tel:phoneNumber.
When the CommuniGate Pro Server is installed, the following records are placed into the Routing Table:
- <root> = postmaster
- This record reroutes all E-mails and Signals sent to the root name to the postmaster Account.
This is useful on Unix systems, where many logging utilities are preconfigured to
mail reports to the user root.
- localhost =
- On many systems the localhost domain name used for the local
IP address of that system, and some mailer programs use this name as a domain name.
This record routes addresses within the "localhost" domain to
the main server domain.
- mailhost =
- Some mailer programs use the mailhost name as the domain name of the local mail server.
This record routes such addresses to the Accounts in the CommuniGate Pro Main Domain.
- <blacklist-admin*@blacklisted> = postmaster
- This record implements White Hole processing for blacklisted hosts.
- <\*(3-4d)@*> = voicemail#*
- This record redirects all Signals (calls) sent to *nnn and *nnnn addresses in any local Domain
to the PBX Voicemail application started for the Account with the nnn alias.
- <7(2d)@*> = pbx{*}#pbx
- This record redirects all Signals (calls) sent to 7nn addresses in any local Domain
to the pbx Account in the same Domain.
This Router record is needed to implement certain functions
of the stock PBX Center application.
- <8(3d)@*> = pickup{*}#pbx
- This record redirects all Signals (calls) sent to 8nnn addresses in any local Domain
to the pbx Account in the same Domain, starting the pickup application. The application then
routes the nnn@callerDomain address and "picks up" an incoming call pending for that Account.
See the PBX Services section for the details.
- tel = telnum
- This record is used to process tel:phoneNumber URIs (see above).
- <+(8-20d)@*> = +*@telnum
- This record redirects all +nnnn...nn addresses in any local Domain
to the fictitious telnum domain.
- Signal:telnum = pstn
- This record redirects all Signals (calls) sent to the fictitious domain telnum to the
fictitious pstn domain.
- Signal:<*@pstn> = gatewaycaller{*}#pbx
- This record redirects all Signals (calls) sent to the fictitious pstn domain
to the gatewaycaller application started on behalf of the pbx Account in the Main Domain.
The phone number (the local part of the address in the pstn domain)
is passed to the application as a parameter.
- Signal:<911@*> = emergency@localhost
- This record redirects all Signals (calls) sent to the 911 addresses in any local Domain
to the emergency name in the localhost domain (this name is usually Routed to the Main Domain).
- Signal:<112@*> = emergency@localhost
- This record redirects all Signals (calls) sent to the 112 addresses in any local Domain
to the emergency name in the localhost domain (this name is usually Routed to the Main Domain).
- Signal:<emergency> = emergency#pbx
- This record redirects all Signals (calls) sent to the emergency addresses in the Main Domain
to the emergency application started on behalf of the pbx Account in the Main Domain.
- Signal:<(7d)@*> = localAreaCall{*}#pbx@localhost
- This record redirects all Signals (calls) sent to 7-digit numbers in each local Domain
to the localAreaCall application started on behalf of the pbx Account in the Main Domain.
The phone number (the local part of the address)
is passed to the application as a parameter.
All these default records can be modified or removed, if needed.
Users working on sites that have many different Servers
(server1.myorg.org, server2.myorg.org, server3.myorg.org)
tend to use addresses with non-qualified domain names (user@server1, user@server2,
user@server3). When you have only few servers in your myorg.org "upper level" domain, you can "fix"
those addresses by specifying several Router Table records:
server1 = server1.myorg.org
server2 = server2.myorg.org
server3 = server3.myorg.org
If you have many servers in your myorg.org "upper level" domain, it becomes impossible to
provide Router Table records for all of them. In this case you may want to enable the
Add myorg.org to Non-Qualified Domain Names option. If this option is enabled,
and an address cannot be routed using CommuniGate Pro Router Table and Modules, and the
domain part of the address does not contain a dot symbol, the specified string (myorg.org)
is added to the address domain name (separated with the dot symbol). The address user@someserver
will be converted to the user@someserver.myorg.org address and the Router will try to route
this new, corrected address.
Note: It is a very bad practice to use non-qualified domain names in E-mail or Signal addresses.
Enable this option only if you can not enforce a policy that requires your users to specify correct,
fully-qualified domain names in all addresses they use.
This table allows you to specify aliases that will work for all local Domains.
When the CommuniGate Pro Server detects that a message or a signal should be directed to some
name in one of the Server local domains, these records are checked. If the local part of
the address matches the Local Address field in one of these records, the address is
rerouted to the address specified in the Reroute To field.
If, for example, the abuse and postmaster@maindomain.dom addresses
are entered into the All-Domain Aliases table (as shown above), then all messages directed to
any abuse@domain.dom address (where domain.com is one of the
CommuniGate Pro Domains) are rerouted to the postmaster@maindomain.com.
Note: it is very easy to create routing loops using these records: if you enter
- postmaster -> postmaster@maindomain.dom
into this table, you will create a loop that will make it impossible to connect
to the Server as postmaster. If you want E-mails and Signals to all postmaster names in all Domains
to go to the postmaster account in the main CommuniGate Pro domain, you should use:
- postmaster -> anyname@postmaster.local
or, if the Direct Mailbox Addressing option is enabled:
- postmaster -> mailboxName#postmaster
You can use wildcard (*) symbols in these fields.
For example, you may want to
create a "dial plan" for your organization that has 10 different departments, each served with its own Domain:
If Accounts in each Domain have aliases in the 200-299 range, then the users can call other users
within the same Domain by dialing the 2xx number.
They dial the 91 prefix (a 912xx number) to reach users in the domain1.com Domain.
They will use the 92 prefix to reach users in the domain2.com Domain, etc.
The CommuniGate Pro Dynamic Cluster maintains
the Cluster-Wide Routing Table. When you open the Router WebAdmin page on any Cluster member, you see
the link that opens a Cluster-Wide Routing Table page. All modifications made to this Table are
automatically propagated to all Cluster Members.
The Cluster-Wide Router Table is processed as an extension of the Server Router Table: the
Cluster-Wide Router Table records are checked when no Server Router Table record can be applied.
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